A Comparison of Two Media Texts Essay - 886 Words

A Comparison of Two Media Texts I am going to compare two articles about medical testing on animals. One is a newspaper article written by Polly Toynbee and is called ‘Sorry, but I think dying people are more important than dumb animals,’ this was published in the Guardian. The other is a leaflet with the title ‘It’s a crying shame’ which is design for animal aid. The Guardian news article is for medical testing on animals. The Animal Aid is against medical testing on animals. Both texts are aimed at the general public who are old enough to have an educated opinion. The newspaper article taken from the Guardian is very basic and is set out like a typical newspaper article would be. The image used†¦show more content†¦The picture of Polly Toynbee in the article from the Guardian does not affect the argument and in my opinion serves no purpose because it has no relevance to the topic of the article. The picture on the front of the Animal Aid leaflet has the purpose of showing how animals suffer during and after they have been put through a series of test that harm them. I think it is a very powerful image and supports the leaflets objective. The other two images on the reverse side of the Animal Aid leaflet have the same affect as the main image on the front. They both portray the suffering of animals during and after harmful tests. Again I think they are very powerful and they support the objectives of the leaflet. ‘It’s a crying shame’ is the title for the Animal Aid. It links in with the picture on the front because the dog seems to be crying. The two combined are very powerful and create a sympathetic attitude for the reader so they are more likely to agree and donate. The words ‘shame’ does not represent anger towards the persons who carry out the medical tests, it is a calm word so it makes you sympathise towards the animals. It meets its purpose of making the reader pity the animals. The other two on the reverse of the leaflet serve the same purpose as the main image on the front. The image from the Guardian article does not relate to medical testing on animals because images ofShow MoreRelatedThe Representation Of Refugees Through A Political And Media Discourse1168 Words   |  5 Pagesthrough a political and media discourse. A political discourse on refugees is explored in Rocco Fazzari and Denis Carnahan’s video ‘Stop the Boats (with cash) Tony’. The video highlights the political language for talking about refugees and the ways in which they are viewed by the Australian government. In comparison the media discourse will be examined through Nilufer Demir’s (2015) photograph of a drowned Syrian child refugee. The image stresses the pivotal role the media plays in constructing andRead MoreAdvertising Analysis : The Pepsi Advertisement Essay903 Words   |  4 PagesMedia Essay Advertisements are among the most popular forms of media an ordinary person can consume. Due to their high prominence in consumers’ lives, brand competition through visual advertisements stands as no foreign matter to the majority of large companies. PepsiCo remain no strangers to commercial competition due to their flagship brand of soft drink: Pepsi. However, PepsiCo harbors a longstanding conflict in the soft drink market with rival product Coca-Cola. Logically, the conflict betweenRead MoreSocial Media And The Media1626 Words   |  7 Pages The advertisement is successful in communicating to its targeted audience of social media users as it utilises symbolization of the Facebook ‘like’ feature (semiotic) in the form of thumbs-up gestures. This appeals to social media users as the audience is aware of social media philanthropy, which have enveloped first-world countries. However, in the ad, the thumbs-up is exaggerated ironically in contrast with the situation. This is constructed as to portray how minimal support from the audienceRead MoreDiffering Opinions in 2 Articles on Tragic Death of Australian Television Personality, Charlotte Dawson977 Words   |  4 PagesARTICLE COMPARISON In February of 2014, Australian television personality, Charlotte Dawson committed suicide and the story was explored in media. Amy Harris presented the â€Å"Tragic End to TV Beauty’s Life of Drama†, published by The Advertiser on the 23/2/14 and â€Å"Charlotte Dawson: ’We Miss Her Terribly’† was written online for the Otago Daily Times, with an unpublished author name, on the 25/2/14. The Advertiser displayed an informative text compared to the Otago Daily Times article which was seenRead MoreAnalysis of an Image-Based Advertisement: McDonalds1420 Words   |  6 Pagescommunication intended to appeal to customers through the help of visual elements. These visual based elements refer to the text of the advertisement, to the images portrayed by it, to the colors used in it, and others. The text of the advertisement is able to appeal viewers in several manners. It is the actual words that have great impact on viewers. In other words, the meaning of the text, the message that is communicated by the advertisement has significant impact on viewers. The message and the executionRead MoreAdvertising Of The Same Media863 Words   |  4 PagesComparisons between advertisements of the same media take a specific skill, eye, and intellect to make these comparisons and contrasts. Comparisons can include the imagery, copy, and the campaign, these are up to debate for the viewer, to one an advertisement can be provocative, but to another the advertisement can simply be a form of bandwagon. Calvin Klein and Versace have two internet advertisements that I believe them to both be provocative in their own special ways, but share a form of bandwagonRead MoreAdolescents And War : How Youth Deal With Political Violence1523 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: In the course of this investigation, I will be reviewing two key chapters from ‘Adolescents and War: How Youth deal with Political Violence’. Political violence, the focus of this study – is difficult to define – primarily because it such a broad term which incorporates different levels of ideology surrounding the nature of violence, its causes, structures and objectives. Barber takes an interesting and unique stance in his literature, as he touches upon the rarely (but advancing)Read MoreThe Effects Of Social Media On Society1329 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effect of Social Media on Society in Literature Social media is a growing aspect and trend of the current generation. Currently there are 1.73 billion users over the world. As social media users ourselves, we are well aware of the many great aspects of social media, but also know there are some negative outcomes. This then led to the exploration of how social media effects society through studying texts. In each scenario the characters were affected in different ways, as well as the peopleRead MoreThe International Communication Association For An Academic Readership1652 Words   |  7 Pagespaper been considered an important source of information for communications scholars, students, media strategists, news media producers, governments and policy makers. From the time it was published in 2003, the paper has been cited in several academic journals while the individual authors have continued their research, publishing subsequent texts relating to cultivation theory. Structure This text is a formal research paper that uses the concept of cultivation theory in which to explore a relatedRead MoreManufacturing Beauty Essay949 Words   |  4 PagesSocial-self, Self-concept, Self-esteem, and Self-presentation The sense of identity, sense of self, is important to human psychology and sociology. It provides the sense of having free will and is the foundation of social control. The Myers text asserts that at the center of one’s world is his or her sense of self. It further states that, â€Å"the most important aspect of yourself is your self† (Myers, 2010). The beliefs by which one defines his or herself are self-schemas; the specific beliefs

Free Weights vs. Machines Weights Essay examples - 1382 Words

Free Weights vs. Machines Weights People have enjoyed working out for a long time. The going to the gym and working out trend is gaining popularity every year. Right now working out is the rage. Health clubs are getting built and remolded. There is still one question that the average working out Joe wants an answer for. Which is better? Free weights or machine weights? Does it really matter? When a person works out with free weights it is necessary for him to have a spotter (a person to watch him in case he fails to lift the desired weight). The only time one could work out without a spotter is if he/she is lifting extremely light/weights. Even this could be dangerous. No one I know recommends lifting free weights†¦show more content†¦There is not one exercise that a person of larger size cannot do. All free weight equipment is open, while machine equipment is in closed. Both machines and free weight benches can be adjusted to get the proper angle one desires. There are two exercises that can only truly be done using free weights and that is the parallel squat and power clean. There are a few weight machines that try to mimic the squat but there is really no substitute. The squat is the king of all exercise. It builds thigh and hip development and strengthens the lower back. It also strengthens all the tiny stabilizer muscles in the body. The power clean is a full body exercise that strengthens and builds all the major muscles in the body like shoulder, back, legs, and arms. There is a downfall of free weights. One has to pick them up and return them to the tree (rack) after they are completed in their exercise routine. Using free weights, a person will achieve greater mass than he would if he did the same exercise using machine equipment. Free weights use the person’s natural range of motion and strengthen their stabilizer muscles. If one switches from machine weights to free weights they will notice that they will shake a lot. Once that person becomes adjusted to the feel of free weights his stabilizer muscles will get stronger and he/she won’t shake as much if at all. An advantage of machine weight exercise is that they give the ability to tone and allow aShow MoreRelatedFree Weights vs Machines Essay660 Words   |  3 PagesFree weights and machines both have their pros and cons, the key is to figu re out which one is right for you. I will explain some of the pros and cons for both types of equipment. I hope you make a wise decision, because not knowing the difference can cause serious injuries and setbacks in your training. Free weights and machines both have their pros and cons, the key is to figure out which one is right for you. When you enter most gyms today, the first things you usually see are weight stationsRead MoreEssay on Benefits and Effects of Different Types of Training921 Words   |  4 Pagesmore effective ways than straight weight lifting. In this report, I will show the benefits and effects of different types of training. Strong muscles, being essential to good health, can be built and toned through many different forms of exercise. Three primary methods of strength training are traditional exercise, alternative exercise and other miscellaneous methods of training. Traditional exercise is mainly things that you will find at your normal gym like weights, treadmills and other common equipmentRead MoreModerately Easy Things Youll Need Introduction Strength training can promote weight loss without700 Words   |  3 Pages Moderately Easy Things Youll Need Introduction Strength training can promote weight loss without buffing your up. Thinkstock/Stockbyte/Getty Images If excess fat in your arms is bothering you, maybe its time you stop focusing so much on them. Super exercising your arms in an effort to slim them down doesnt work. To reduce arm flab, you must focus on reducing total body fat. (See Reference 1, p. 15) You can accomplish this by eating a healthy diet and doing regular exercise. The latter shouldRead MoreWhy Do Not Football Helmets Promote Neck Injuries Essay1364 Words   |  6 Pagesproject is to work towards answering the question of whether or not football helmets promote neck injuries. In order to gather data, a U of R team made a machine that rapidly changes speed while translating from side to side to stimulate a rotational acceleration and velocity about the head and neck due to an angular displacement. The purpose of this machine is to simulate an unexpected and sudden change in motion of the head in order to analyse the resulting motion. The data collected was the rotationalRead MorePhysics: Work, Power, Energy2008 Words   |  9 Pagescomputing the work done by gravity on each member in two scenarios (going up and down the stairs of the second floor and the third floor of the Main Building) wherein weight was also considered and following this, the power output of each member was also computed. Using the Logger Pro, the kinetic and potential energies of a ball in free fall were graphed and compared. At the end of the experiment, it was said that member #2 was the most â€Å"powerful† among the group since she had the highest power outputRead MoreObesity And Chronic Health Problems With Obesity1660 Words   |  7 PagesAmerica overeats. List the diverse cause you hear about in the documentary. Throughout the film, there are a number of explanations presented as to why Americans overeat, resulting in an epidemic of obesity and chronic health problems related to weight. According to the film, obesity is the second largest cause of death in the United States (smoking being number one). Many people believe that the fast food corporations are to blame for America’s problems with obesity, primarily for the reason thatRead MoreExamples Of Opportunity Cost On My Daily Life881 Words   |  4 Pagesrestaurant as it saves me time in my busy working schedule 3. Keeping my old car vs. buying a new one. I think on this one the opportunity cost of keeping my 14-year-old car is mostly monetary. I save money by not having a car note. Also, auto insurance and property taxes are ridiculously cheap compared to owning a new vehicle. Sure, owning a new car has the latest technological benefits like GPS, back up camera, hands free phone and such, but I d rather give that up to save a couple of thousands ofRead MoreCase Study : Segway Pt, Electric Powered Human Transportation Machine1343 Words   |  6 Pages a. Transportation: i. Segway PT: A Segway is a two wheeled, electric-powered human transportation machine. It is a self-balancing machine which uses gyroscopes and accelerometer. Segway PT was developed by Segway Inc. in New Hampshire, USA by Dean Kamen. It was introduced in the year 2001, and offers a new transportation alternative that lends itself towards a walking-based environment. It runs on electric motors and circuits which are located in the base of Segway. If the rider moves forward, SegwayRead MoreOolong Tea vs. Green Tea500 Words   |  2 PagesOolong Tea vs. Green Tea Nowadays, most people are looking for super foods endowed with awesome nutrients offering the best possible benefits for health. As all of you are aware there has been a raging battle concerning the goodness of various types of tea for health and weight loss. The forerunners of this battle though have been oolong and Green Tea, with the latter having stolen the limelight for its positive benefits for health. Nevertheless, many of the characteristics may also be attributedRead MoreA Research Study On Elfs Physical Examination And The Clinic For An Acute Onset Of Vomiting1057 Words   |  5 Pagescleaned up the torn up pillow, she noticed most of the pillow stuffing was missing. The owner then stated the vomiting started 24 hours later (Rockett Christensen, 2010). Elf’s physical exam findings: General appearance: Quiet, Alert and Responsive. Weight/BCS: 44lbs [20kg], BCS: 3/5 Temperature: 102.1F -Rectal Skin/coat: Slight skin tint. Eyes/fundic exam: Normal Ears/otoscopic exam: Normal Oral cavity: MM-Pale pink and dry, CRT ~2 seconds Musculoskeletal: Normal Cardiovascular: 120bmp, auscultation

Performed and attracts modern audiences Essay Example For Students

Performed and attracts modern audiences Essay An Inspector Calls by J.B Priestly was first performed in 1946. It is still regularly performed and attracts modern audiences. Explain why, in your view, people still enjoy the play.  I think the main reason this play still attracts audiences is because of the characters. Form the beginning you have a neutral view of the characters as the play goes on you get to know each one and decide whether you like them or not and these views change as you see their actions. Each of the Birlings can be related to a type of person, these types of people still exist more than fifty years after the play was first performed. We will write a custom essay on Performed and attracts modern audiences specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Hes been drinking steadily for two years.  Eric Birling is an irresponsible young man. He is an alcoholic, which is a result of a bad education and working for Arthur, who wants to make him a hard headed man of business.   this public-school-and-Varsity life youve had doesnt seem to teach you  To this he replies sulkily:  Well, we dont need to tell the Inspector all about that, do we?  When he tells of his involvement in Evas death we find out that he was irresponsible and reckless. He also tells us how he forced himself on Eva.  she told me she didnt want me to go in and I threatened to make row. From the start the audience doesnt like him much because he is obviously drunk. When he describes how he made Eva pregnant we like him much less because we like him much less because of how he does it. By the end the audiences view of him picks up because he realises his mistake and feels sorry for what he has done.  Youre pretending everythings just as it was before.  Eric retorts: Im not. Sheila is young, romantic and dreamy but still has a lot to learn in life. From the start the audience likes her as they get to know her even though she says things that make her sound spoilt. When her farther is answering the Inspectors questions she felt sorry for Eva this makes us like her more. When it gets to her turn to identify the Inspectors photograph she knows immediately what she has done something. She describes how she got Eva sacked from Milwards:  I caught sight of this girl smiling at Miss Francis- as if to say: doesnt she look awful- and I was absolutely furious. if they didnt get rid of that girl, Id never go near that place again and Id persuade mother to close our account with them.  Here she was throwing her weight around in Milwards, using the fact that her family is rich to get Eva sacked.  While the Inspector is questioning the others Sheila has figured out that he knows what they have done to Eva or Daisy.  Why-you fool-he knows. Of course he knows. And I hate to think how much he knows that we dont know yet. Youll see. Youll see. Sheila is clever she has spotted that there is something odd about Inspector Goole well before anyone else has. When she admits to what she did the audiences view of her goes down. Arthur doesnt think much of it but Sheila is very upset at what she did. Sheila tries not to make it better than it was for her. She warns her mother not to deny anything and make it worse for them. She tells Sybil not to lie and build up a kind of wall between us and that girl. She tries to warn her mother:  You see I feel youre beginning all wrong. And Im afraid youll say or do something that youll be sorry for afterwards. .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b , .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b .postImageUrl , .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b , .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b:hover , .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b:visited , .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b:active { border:0!important; } .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b:active , .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua5541611bbc5d007634f040752f42b9b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The play Arcadia by Tom Stoppard EssayBy this time the audience likes her more because she isnt being selfish. From the end of the play we know she has learnt her lesson but unlike Eric she makes it clear and tries to teach the others who refuse to take blame for what they have done as long as nobody knows.  Youre ready to go the same old way.  And youre not, eh?  No, because I remember what he said, how he made me feel.  Everything we said had happened, really had happened.  Feelings towards Gerald from the start would be a bit doubtful because one of the earliest conversations he is involved in is to clear his name from any naughty business. Yes -except for all last summer, when you never came near me  And Ive told you- I was awfully busy at the works all the time.  Yes thats you say.  The first thing we think of would be an affair because we always think of the worst possibility. His involvement is confirmed by his reaction when the Inspector says the girl started calling herself Daisy Renton. This is an element that keeps audiences coming to watch this play. The audience has things to guess about that they will get right, wrong and be surprised by. Even if they guess wrong they would want the details. Other example of this is there is something fishy about the Inspector and that all of the Birlings are involved in the death of Eva. And probably between us we killed her.  Before he describes what he did to Eva he is reluctant to say anything in Sheilas presence:  Why on earth dont you leave us to it?  Then he describes how the affair started. The audience likes him much less because of how he exploited Daisy alias Eva. Gerald doesnt leave Eva with nothing, he gives her money but this doesnt make up for much. Sheilas decision to call off the engagement seems fully justified. When he returns from his walk he has discovered an escape route for all of the Birlings to escape any blame. Arthur and Sybil are very pleased with him. The audience and Sheila would not be too impressed.  What do you male of this business now. Was it a hoax?  I met a police sergeant I know I asked him about this Inspector Goole He swore there wasnt any Inspector Goole or anybody like him on the force here.

Globalisation Strategies Changing the Organizational Culture

Question: Describe about the Globalisation Strategies for Changing the Organizational Culture. Answer: Introduction To get an idea how strategy is related to success of an organisation, we have taken the cases of Honda and Toyota to compare and see the tangible results in form of globalisation, organisational interface, marketing strategies, and manufacturing practices. Both of them are the biggest achievers in the field of automotive technologies and have proven their worth fr the same. Globalisation Strategies Hondas globalisation strategy As per Rothfeder, Honda has searched externally from its home shores well before different makers considered making or notwithstanding offering items manages. Its originator Soichiro Honda dependably had confidence in worldwide extension and broadly moaned about the restricted development opportunities in "little Japan". At the point when the organization was just a couple of years old, he announced that it must "keep up a universal impression" and see whatever remains of the world as its potential client base. His main goal was soon acknowledged, and by 1959 Honda was offering bikes in the U.S. what's more, autos not long after that. In 1974, Honda propelled the Civic, which was the primary auto to meet stringent U.S. Clean Air Act discharges principles despite the fact that other key players guaranteed it was not monetarily reasonable. It was additionally the main non-household automaker to effectively fabricate autos in the U.S. when it opened its Anna office in 1982. "Honda's forceful early globalization methodology in the U.S. was trailed by comparable fruitful invasions in different parts of the world: It was the main Japanese organization to deliver autos in China and its profit record in India and Southeast Asia and other far-flung districts is the jealousy of the car business," says Rothfeder. Because of its worldwide viewpoint, Honda has accomplished an extraordinary arrangement amid its lifespan. Honda is the main motor creator on the planet with a yield of more than 20 million inner ignition engines every year; it has never posted a misfortune in its history, and its vehicles working benefit proportions of around five percent reliably best the business. Honda's stock cost has almost multiplied since September 2008, when the worldwide economy crumpled; and its vehicles are the most sturdy and dependable of any automaker, with 75 percent of its autos and trucks sold in the most recent 25 years still out and about. Toyotas globalisation strategies The vital geographic area of TMMTX gives the organization direct access to the ease south Texas work market for get together specialists while guaranteeing without a moment to spare conveyance of cut-rate parts made in the Far East and Mexico and subassemblies from other southern U.S. plants and giving advantageous access to the U.S. auto market. The creation end of the chain solidly shows the main impetus of globalization - to augment benefits by bringing down work costs. The relative expense of work is the essential determinant in the area of each connection in the chain. However many assembling operations as could be expected under the circumstances are finished in seaward work markets, while the last get together of the vehicles is led utilizing a portion of the least expensive work accessible in the U.S. Moreover, the broad utilization of computerization innovation in the TMMTX plant keeps the utilization of nearby work to a base. Promoters of globalization tout the Tundra generation chain as a worldview of effectiveness and a convincing contention for this most recent sign of super free enterprise. In any case, the effectiveness of worldwide assembling, similar to some other entrepreneur endeavour, is measured by a solitary standard - the income it produces for stockholders. Any investigation which considers the general effect of globalization prompts a far various conclusion. The effect of globalization on the organization itself is a decent beginning stage for such an examination. Manufacturing Strategies Hondas manufacturing strategies: The Hondas producing offices which is given to workers is more adaptable and modern. In the event that we consider Toyota, after presentation of in the nick of time strategy additionally Honda is surviving as a result of its assembling adaptability and quality what it served till now. Honda producing manufacturing plant are as per idea of "Green Factory". Fabricating units are all the more agreeable and productive. However, it is as yet advancing to make it more proficienta, less time and less practical generation of their assembling plants. As we probably am aware clients dependably needs new item and subjective one, to achieve this needs of client it's generally do examine on it. Honda is the one of the organization which refined and executed Japanese associations administration methods. By the assembling adaptability and portability what it has made is to move one assembling unit to other unit, one plant to another plant or in the middle of plant, too locally and universally. This progressions and moving Honda do as indicated by the business sector interest and necessity of the plant. Toyotas operational strategy Lessened Setup Times All setup practices are inefficient in light of the fact that they include no quality and they tie up work and hardware. By sorting out methods, utilizing trucks, and preparing specialists to do their own particular setups, Toyota figured out how to slice setup times from months to hours and in some cases even minutes. Little Lot Production Delivering things in substantial clusters results in tremendous setup costs, high capital expense of rapid devoted hardware, bigger inventories, broadened lead times, and bigger deformity costs. Since Toyota has found the best approach to make setups short and reasonable, it got to be workable for them to financially deliver an assortment of things in little amounts. Worker Involvement and Empowerment Toyota composed their laborers by framing group and gave them the obligation and preparing to do numerous particular undertakings. Groups are additionally given obligation regarding housekeeping and minor hardware repair. Every group has a pioneer who additionally fills in as one of them at stake. Quality at the Source To dispose of item absconds, they should be found and redressed as quickly as time permits. Since specialists are at the best position to find a deformity and to quickly settle it, they are doled out this obligation. In the event that an imperfection can't be promptly settled, any specialist can end the whole line by pulling a string (called Jidoka). Hardware Maintenance Toyota administrators are appointed essential obligation regarding fundamental upkeep since they are in the best position to desert indications of breakdowns. Upkeep pros analyze and alter just complex issues, enhance the execution of hardware, and train specialists in support. Pull Production To lessen stock holding expenses and lead times, Toyota built up the draw creation strategy wherein the amount of work performed at every phase of the procedure is managed exclusively by interest for materials from the prompt next stage. The Kamban plan organizes the stream of little holders of materials between stages. This is the place the term Just-in-Time(JIT) began. Supplier Involvement Toyota regards its suppliers as accomplices, as necessary components of Toyota Production System (TPS). Suppliers are prepared in approaches to lessen setup times, inventories, deformities, machine breakdowns and so on., and assume liability to convey their most ideal parts. Organisational Interfaces Hondas Organisation interface Presently Hondas operational procedures bury connected with the corporate and business system. The best operational methodology ought to be at the same level with the hierarchical technique. Hondas operational system is buried related and strong to the business technique and this procedure is having consistency with the corporate methodology. Ass before said, corporate procedure is only identified with vision and mission of the organization. By the development of the organization and the business sector limit we can say that Honda executed compatible and adaptable operational methodology. The Honda having adaptability in their operations. Typically operation of an association relies on upon the other association which we call as operational arranging. Subsequent to repairing a business sector and their interest on it operation methodology needs to make for accomplishing and satisfying corporate procedure. Honda has the same. It has adaptability in operations, once they settle with in terest and generation precisely they begin adjusting technique on it. In Honda case they secured all-inclusive by finding producing plants in six spots. Furthermore they have fuelled, broad, world number one prepared lab to do innovative work (Norman Gaither 1987). By this we can see effortlessly that operational procedure of Honda is steady to business system, this technique is additionally lined up with corporate methodology. By supporting each other Honda is accomplishing progressive development. It says operation perfection or execution need in cost, quality, velocity, reliability and adaptability. Fetched astute organization having intense and world best robotized machines to make items. For the Quality Honda having quality measures, testing, RD, quality types of gear with apparatus to give number one quality. Pace and constancy shrewd it is keeping up conveyance plans as indicated by the business sector need too arrange. To make accessibility Honda has producing unit in better places. It has more extensive spread system to conveyance items and administrations to the client. Its taking care of clients dream and demand, key purpose of Honda. In adaptability, Honda enhancing and fabricating new item with quality to its customer. It likewise has extensive variety of items and sub brand also Honda giving better support of the clients. Honda keeping up limited ability to focus long traverse life cycle, the time circle of the item is relies on upon the sort of item what Honda fab ricating. So all these execution in operations prompts low cost and high calibre in item. It likewise prompts quick and auspicious conveyance to the client. Adaptability contends on regular and extensive variety of item and administration. It likewise affecting on changing volume and timing on item and administrations of the Honda. Proposals all focuses as of now talked about in technique entomb related figures yet here adjusted short to know the connection and finish of the association. Toyotas Organisational Strategies Toyota Motor Corporation's non-specific procedure is a blend of the cost authority bland technique and the wide separation non-specific methodology. Taken a toll administration involves minimizing expense of operations and offering costs. Then again, the expansive separation non-specific technique requires creating business and item uniqueness to guarantee Toyota's upper hand. The blend of these non-specific techniques backings Toyota's worldwide range in all business sector fragments. A key objective comparing to Toyota's non-specific procedure is to minimize generation expenses to achieve cost initiative. The organization does as such through the without a moment to spare (JIT) fabricating strategy, which is otherwise called the Toyota Production System (TPS). This technique addresses Toyota's bland procedure by minimizing waste, stock expense, and reaction time. Accordingly, the firm accomplishes most extreme business effectiveness. Then again, Toyota has the vital objective of development to address the expansive separation part of its non-specific procedure. Development prompts one of a kind and appealing items for all business sector fragments. Subsequently, Toyota satisfies its non-specific methodology. Marketing Strategies Hondas Marketing Strategies Honda is a brand known for its quality and development. Honda was never into a forceful limited time exercises however the organization constantly attempted to keep up the quality and made a brand picture by giving better client administration. Honda auto like Honda city is the biggest vender in the section and positioned fourth position in traveler auto portion. Considering the ad, Honda has been extremely cautious and exact in their notices. Honda constantly anticipated their picture as most solid brand, propelled innovation, eco amicable autos. Notwithstanding considering the TV plugs, Honda advanced their half breed auto that keeps running without gas and emanates water as the bye item instead of publicizing the particular brands existing in the business sector. The promotion was more thought to the organization's innovative headways and eco amicable picture which separated Honda from the contenders. Honda advanced their items in greater part print media (Majority ads come in magazines and national news papers). The clients were constantly mindful of the organization approaches of giving most recent innovation and redesigning at whatever point fundamental furthermore rebuilding the whole model after certain timeframe. Considering the pilot model in India, Honda City the organization had redesigned it thrice till the initiation. Honda constantly attempted to make an amazement component amid the dispatch of each model.The organization arrangements to stage street appears, to show vehicles in the structures amid different school celebrations and presentation. 12 January 2009 Honda Motors rose a champ at the second release of the India Best Brand Survey Awards, stowing eight prizes three in the four wheeler portion including Very Reliable Brand, Good Advertising and Environment Friendly. Toyotas marketing strategies Toyota's Promotion (Promotional Mix) Toyota's advancement system covers every one of the strategies of showcasing correspondences. This component of the showcasing blend relates to how the firm speaks with the objective business sector. Toyota utilizes the accompanying advancement exercises, masterminded by: Individual offering Promoting Advertising Deals advancement Direct offering Toyota utilizes individual offering through dealerships' business work force, who by and by elevate items to potential purchasers. The organization likewise utilizes promoting on different media, for example, TV, daily papers, and sites. Furthermore, the firm advances its items through advertising, for example, the Toyota Together Green program that backings natural activities, and the Meal Per Hour program that gives sustenance to Food Bank. These advertising exercises make a positive brand picture for Toyota. Then again, rare deals advancement is utilized through uncommon arrangements. Likewise, the organization once in a while utilizes direct offering for corporate customers. This a player in Toyota's advertising blend demonstrates that the organization has a far reaching methodology for advancing its business and items. Toyota's Prices and Pricing Strategy Toyota's costs change generally, contingent upon the product offering and the item sort or model. This component of the advertising blend distinguishes how the firm sets the costs of its items. Toyota utilizes a mix of the accompanying estimating methodologies: Market-arranged evaluating Esteem based valuing Toyota utilizes the business sector arranged evaluating methodology to decide costs taking into account economic situations and the costs of contenders. This evaluating procedure is eminent in by far most of Toyota items, for example, cars and trucks. Be that as it may, the firm additionally utilizes the quality based estimating technique, which sets costs taking into account the genuine and saw estimation of the item. The organization utilizes esteem based estimating for top of the line or more costly items, for example, the Prius and Lexus autos. This a player in Toyota's showcasing blend demonstrates that the organization decides value levels taking into account economic situations and clients' discernments. Comparison Hondas five principles differs it from many other big shots: No Globalisation much, Localization more Pradoxes to be embraced Have the lean way Putting the engineer in the hot seat Focus on flexibilities Toyotas differentiation strategies are focussed on its Lean management system and the famous TPS i.e. Toyota Production System. References: Organizational culture - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaChanging the Organizational Culture (Updated) (SWJ Blog)Schein's Organizational Culture LeadershipEffectiveness and Impact of Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) StandardsThe Maturing Domestic Market (1975-1985). Japan's Auto Industry. About JAMAAn Overview. Japan's Auto Industry. About JAMACorporate social responsibility - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaHonda ranks top in UK for Corporate Social ResponsibilityFree Market Research Resource for the Market ResearchIndustry available from the MRP.CNW Group | HONDA CANADA INC. | Honda ranked high by publications for environmental andcorporate responsibility Honda, Tesco, Goldman Sachs Among Top 10à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€Green Giants Environmental Leader Green Business and Corporate Sustainability NewsHonda Worldwide | April 21, 2003 "Honda to Establish New Corporate Governance System"Honda Worldwide - Visit the official Honda global web site and find information on all HondaMotor and its subsidiaries and affiliates.Honda MPE - About MPE - Corporate GovernanceSSRN-Japanese Corporate Governance Practices in the Post-Bubble Era:Implications of Institutional andLegal Reforms in the 1990s and Early2000s by Masao NakamuraSSRN-Japanese Corporate Governance Practices in the Post-Bubble Era: Implications ofInstitutional and Legal Reforms in the 1990s and Early2000s by Masao NakamuraHonda Worldwide | April 21, 2003 "Honda to Establish New Corporate Governance System"Honda Worldwide - Visit the official Honda global web site and find information on all HondaMotor and its subsidiaries and affiliates.Honda Worldwide | Corporate GovernanceHonda Worldwide - Visit the official Honda global web site and find information on all HondaMotor and its subsidiaries and a ffiliates. https://www.articlesbase.com/cars-articles/competition-drives-honda-and-toyota-forward-116006.html https://tu-do.com/content/view/468/177/ https://panmore.com/toyota-marketing-mix-4ps-analysis https://manufacturing-strategy.blogspot.in/2009/09/7-principles-of-toyota-production.html https://panmore.com/toyota-generic-strategy-intensive-growth-strategies https://www.axisoflogic.com/artman/publish/Article_58411.shtml https://www.scribd.com/doc/51898429/Honda-marketing-Strategy https://www.businessinsider.in/5-Brilliant-Strategies-That-Make-Honda-One-Of-The-Worlds-Most-Innovative-Companies/articleshow/39248379.cms https://www.ukessays.com/essays/management/operational-strategy-of-honda-company.php https://www.manufacturingglobal.com/leadership/122/How-Honda-Became-One-of-the-Worlds-Most-Innovative-Car-Companies

Hypertension Essays (655 words) - Hypertension,

Hypertension Hypertension is a common disorder characterized by a sustained elevation of systolic arterial pressure (top number) of 140 mm Hg or higher, or a diastolic arterial pressure (bottom number) of 90 mm Hg or greater, or both. Hypertension is divided into two categories: essential (or primary) hypertension and secondary hypertension. Etiology: Research has shown that hypernatremia (elevated serum sodium) increases the volume of blood, which raises blood pressure. Primary hypertension may also develop from alterations in other bosy chemicals. For some clients who respond to stress at a higher degree, hypertension may be related to a higher degree, hypertension may be related to a higher release of catecholamines, such as epinephrine and norepinephrine, which elevates blood pressure. Others feel that hypertension may be caused by a deficiency of natriuretic factor (a hormone produced by the heart) causing arteries to remain in a state of sustained vasoconstriction. Other causes may include: - Adrenal tumors - Acute pain or stress - Alcohol withdrawal - Amphetamines - Birth Control pills - Cardiovascular disease - Cushing's disease - Genetic factors - Hyperthyroidism - Kidney failure Pathophysiology: Regardless of whether a person has primary or secondary hypertension, the same types of organ damage and complications occur. Hypertension causes the heart to pump against greater resistance, increasing its workload. The size of the heart muscle increases from the outer layer of the epicardium to the inner layer of the endocardium. Besides the direct effects on the heart, high blood pressure accelerates atherosclerosis and can cause other serious complications. Damage to many organs of the body can also occur, such as to the eyes, heart, brain, and kidneys. Blood vessels may rupture under the strain of high pressure. Tiny arteries in the retina may hemorrhage, possibly resulting in blindness. A blood vessel may hemorrhage in the brain causing cerebrovascular problems. Renal failure may also result from decreased circulation to the kidneys. Signs & Symptoms: Clients may not have symptoms since the onset of hypertension, often called "the silent killer", is gradual. In some cases, hypertension is not diagnosed until the person experiences a major complication. Some minor symptoms may include: - Consistent Bp readings of 140/90 or higher - Headache - Flushed face - Pulsing sensation in the head - Dizziness - Fatigue - Insomnia - Nervousness The most obvious finding during a physical assessment is a sustained elevation of one or both blood pressure measurements. The pulse may feel bounding from the force of ventricular contraction. Hypertensive patients may be overweight and may possibly have peripheral edema. An opthalmic examination may reveal vascular changes in the eyes, retinal hemorrhages, or a bulging optic disk. Diagnosis: A patient may be experiencing hypertension when the blood pressure is consistently, but not always, higher than normal. The blood pressure should be checked at different times and different days to confirm that the readings are consistent. In addition to repeating the blood pressure measurements, an evaluation for hypertension by a medical doctor may include: - a physical examination, including an accurate medical history - lab blood work (may include kidney profile, thyroid profile, and adrenal gland function) - urinalysis - electrocardiogram - chest x-ray Medical Treatment: Currently there is no cure for hypertension that is not secondary to another disease or condition. However, there are successful treatments that do control the effects of the hypertension. Initial management of hypertension depends on the degree of pressure elevation. Mild elevation may be treatable with nonpharmacologic therapy, which may include rest, reduction of stress, counseling, weight loss, reduction of sodium in the diet, limiting the drinking of alcohol and the elimination of smoking tobacco products. If cholesterol and triglyceride levels are increased, a diet low in saturated fats may be recommended. Depending on the clients response to nonpharmacologic therapy, one of several antihypertensive drugs may be prescribed. There are many different types of drugs with proven track records in the control of hypertension, such as Apresoline and Brodipine. Choice of treatment depends upon the patient's age, race, and medical history. Prognosis: If untreated, hypertension places a patient at high risk for the development of a disabling or fatal disease. Thorough evaluation by a medical doctor will start a patient on a successful treatment program that will include patient education for a healthier lifestyle. Following the recommended treatment program will enable the patient to enjoy a more active life.

Free Essays on Seperation By Church

Separation by Church Church can play a big role in a person’s life. Some religions can tell people how to live or what to do with their lives. Having a life mostly controlled by your religious beliefs might be what is right for you then again; it can be what separates you. Having a religion telling you how to live or how your life should be is a very big influence. Most of the time religious beliefs will be what sets you apart from most other people. Religious beliefs are mainly what the religious community goes by as a set of rules or restrictions. Believing in your faith is one factor that decides your everyday life. Your beliefs, whether or not they co-inside with your religion, help you get through everyday life. All in all your beliefs with your religion pretty much make up your life. Church can mean everything to a person. To some, it might mean quite a bit more than to a person who does not actually have a religion. I met a girl one night at school. She was nice, intelligent, and sweet. Her personality was awesome. She was the kind of girl that you could just be very happy to be with. Well we hung out a bit, going out and getting coffee and just becoming good friends. Now from the time we first hung out up until the time where I realized there was something going on between us, it was great. I do not think I had ever felt more alive. She was a very church oriented girl and she was catholic. We kept hanging out and seeing each other for a while. This went on for a few weeks. Unfortunately the weekend was over. Just about every day we hung out with each other and enjoyed ourselves. Obviously by now both of us realized that there was something good going on. There we were in a Denny’s restaurant. I got up to go pay the bill; when I came back she was still sitting there so I sat down to finish my drink. As I sat down she turned to me and said â€Å"Hey Jason what’s up?† I r eplied with â€Å"What’s! up with... Free Essays on Seperation By Church Free Essays on Seperation By Church Separation by Church Church can play a big role in a person’s life. Some religions can tell people how to live or what to do with their lives. Having a life mostly controlled by your religious beliefs might be what is right for you then again; it can be what separates you. Having a religion telling you how to live or how your life should be is a very big influence. Most of the time religious beliefs will be what sets you apart from most other people. Religious beliefs are mainly what the religious community goes by as a set of rules or restrictions. Believing in your faith is one factor that decides your everyday life. Your beliefs, whether or not they co-inside with your religion, help you get through everyday life. All in all your beliefs with your religion pretty much make up your life. Church can mean everything to a person. To some, it might mean quite a bit more than to a person who does not actually have a religion. I met a girl one night at school. She was nice, intelligent, and sweet. Her personality was awesome. She was the kind of girl that you could just be very happy to be with. Well we hung out a bit, going out and getting coffee and just becoming good friends. Now from the time we first hung out up until the time where I realized there was something going on between us, it was great. I do not think I had ever felt more alive. She was a very church oriented girl and she was catholic. We kept hanging out and seeing each other for a while. This went on for a few weeks. Unfortunately the weekend was over. Just about every day we hung out with each other and enjoyed ourselves. Obviously by now both of us realized that there was something good going on. There we were in a Denny’s restaurant. I got up to go pay the bill; when I came back she was still sitting there so I sat down to finish my drink. As I sat down she turned to me and said â€Å"Hey Jason what’s up?† I r eplied with â€Å"What’s! up with...

Should Barack Obama Be Re-elected Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Should Barack Obama Be Re-elected - Essay Example Being president is not a matter of mindset or appearances, it is a matter of doing the work that the job requires and being successful at it. As voters, it is our job to make sure that we analyze the accomplishments and shortcomings of each candidate up for the most important political position in our country. We have to get past their spin doctors and their campaign managers in order to get a true idea of whether casting a vote for this particular candidate will be beneficial to all or not at all. In the case of re electionist Barack Obama, we need to go over his accomplishments and failures with a fine tooth comb. Mr. Porter continues to enforce his belief about the Obama re election by mentioning that it also hinges on the improvement of the economy, lowering unemployment, and succeeding in Libya. Let's have a look at the facts covering these matters as we have them at the moment. The first topic on this list is the economy. Obama promised to lower inflation and control the defici t spending while he was campaigning for office. Since he has assumed office, our national debt has surpassed the fifteen trillion mark and continues to grow on a daily basis. As a borrowing country, we nearly defaulted on our debt payment because of the cruel game of politics. Our deficit spending has grown as he continues to come up with ways and means to keep spending money that the tax payers cannot provide and the country simply does not have. He promised to limit government spending but instead he ended up growing the government by leaps and bounds by forcing his healthcare plan into law and creating 68 new government departments / positions instead. So far, he has not done anything fiscally to fulfill his promise of saving money and spending wisely for the benefit of the people. I know that others will say that turning the economy around will take time and he can;t be blamed for something that he just inherited. But my argument to that defense is that Obama wanted the position . He got it. He knew what he was getting into. Now he has to fix the mess and stop looking for a scapegoat. Until I see my money growing in the bank again and my loan interests lowered, there is no way I can say he is actually fulfilling his campaign promise. While the Democrats, of whom he is the current leader, and the Republicans battled it out for supremacy while negotiating our debt payment obligations, Barack Obama steered clear of the issue and let the two parties sort things out for themselves. He refused to take on a leadership role at that time and instead, allowed the parties to bicker and act stubbornly, all the while with our national economy on the line. That to me is not the trademark of a man who knows how to lead. Instead, that looked like a man who did not know his job requirements and how to get things done in a timely manner. I don't know about you but seeing Vice President Biden in China, assuring them that we will not default on our debt payment to them left a very bad taste in the mouth. I miss those days when we were the ones lending money to China because we were the top dog nation at the time. Now I have to admit that those days are gone and will never come back because Barack Obama is busy making sure that any economic program presented to him will fail to gain approval from those concerned. For all

The Dark Face of the Earth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Dark Face of the Earth - Essay Example The authoress makes an attention-grabbing role reversal in the play since the female is in the place of power and Augustus is suberserviant to her instead of the other way round. The play begins with Amalia giving birth to a black child as a result of her affair with a slave. However, the complexity was her situation compels her into giving her baby to another plantation. As years pass by, she changes in a tyrant because of constant dissatisfaction and heartbreaks. Then Augustus arrives on the plantation, bound in chains and seduced by his owner. The play is filled with clever turnings which fills it with suspense until the tragic ending. Each word of Aristotle’s definition of tragedy qualifies for an essay. According to him, every tragedy comprises of six components, namely: plot, characters, diction, thought, melody/songs and spectacle. For him, a good tragedy is in which the actions and motives of the protagonist drive his actions to the extent that it stimulates dread and compassion among the audience. This play’s theatrical success seems to be indicative of the fact that characters managed to successfully arise sympathy and apprehension in the audience. Tragedy is the portrayal men in action not simply men. Character exposes the motives, preferences and reactions, which according to Aristotle are more essential than thought (Carlisle). In the darker face of the world, the hero, Augustus is seen as: the savior of the slaves, a smart and educated fellow who has seen the outside world. Although, Amalia was determined not to give him up but she had to as he was biracial, which ingrained a sense of injustice in him. Since he was raised by an English captain on a ship so Augustus unlike the other African slaves does not believe in religion or heritage and disdains their superstitious thinking. Due to his strong headed attitude, leadership attributes and desire for freedom seems an ideal to lead the freedom movement. This paints a realistic and true to life picture of the pre-civil war condition of slaves in America and makes the character closer to reality. Eventually as he grabs and agonizes with Amalia, he accomplishes his goal of murdering the plantation owner and thus liberating the black slaves from the tyrannical rule. This is also highlights the face that the circumstances that led to the ending of Augustus were greatly impacted by external factors like ethnocentric issues (Harris). Phebe, born on the plantation is a resilient yet loving, loyal and intellectual woman who adored Augustus even though their attitudes are categorically opposite. However, Augustus like majority of black men who after receiving the admiration of their own kind develop a preference for white women is also inclined towards Amalia. â€Å"A man who is not eminently good and just yet whose misfortune is not brought by vice or depravity but by some error of frailty†, this line by Aristotle defines what constitutes a tragic hero in his sight (Aristotle). The affair between Amalia and Hector was not under the protagonist’s control. We cannot blame him for developing a prejudiced and unjust attitude in consideration of his miserable parentless childhood. Similarly, unaware of his mother’s identity and getting seduced by Amalia was natural. However indulging in the private pursuit of pleasure and committing murders direct out

Marketing management exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Marketing management exam - Essay Example However, summed with faulty anticipation of the market trends and too much investment in a particular project to support its aggressive marketing strategies, Tesco also had to face significant challenges in securing the desired return on its investment along with affecting its market reputation to a considerable extent. Illustratively, it was because of the same reason that the launching of Tesco’s fresh and easy store failed in the US market recently. Marketing Plan for the First Year: One of the major problems that Tesco is facing is maintaining accuracy in anticipating the changing needs and wants of the customers. Therefore, in the first year, Tesco should build such product management strategies that could identify the tastes and preferences of the potential customers. Besides ensuring the quality while offering the products to its potential customers, Tesco shall also try to renovate the older products according to the tastes and preferences of the customers to augment t heir demand. Similarly, as a market leader and to make a stronger appeal to its customers, Tesco should note that in the modern world the customers are becoming increasingly quality driven. Therefore, Tesco should reassess its marketing processes concerning certain products in order to attract the customers’ loyalty at a greater degree. To be specific, Tesco should also be concerned regarding its product quality rather than entirely focusing on pricing at a cheaper rate than its competitors. Tesco must also pay due attention on enhancing its customer relationship model to sustain its competitive advantages at stake owing to the rising competition and the various ethical issues surrounding its regular functioning. Accordingly, to maintain transparency and enrich its customer recognition, the company should emphasise taking regular feedbacks from its various stakeholders including customers, employees, suppliers and shareholders. As expected, the feedbacks shall assist Tesco to balance its shareholder-centric objectives and its sustainability goals in a more competent manner and overcome the currently observed challenges. Marketing Plan for the Second Year: In the following year, Tesco should deliver due emphasis on storing and interpreting the feedbacks obtained from the stakeholders. This will certainly assist the company not only to develop a more objective oriented business functioning to reward a better market stance but will also enrich its product/service marketing strategies, contributing to a more competitive advantage to the company. It will be noteworthy for the company to ensure that the feedbacks obtained from the customers and other group of stakeholders are not misinterpreted, which will further assure accuracy in its market anticipation. Likewise, the company can develop different strategies to suffice the market trends and demands in different places. It is very much essential in this context that Tesco aims at taking a competitive advant age of its brand name and keep focusing on its transparency obligations as well as better customer focus in its marketing operations. Besides, in the second year of application of this marketing plan, the company needs to take an assessment of the strategic application effectiveness. Accordingly, Tesco must also shift from its

The eight Stages of Development

The eight Stages of Development Article: A Personality Measure of Erikson ´s Life Stages: The Inventory of Psychosocial Balance Source: Journal of Personal Assessment, 1990 Summary: Theses article deals with all the eight Erikson ´s psychosocial stages. A pool of 208 items that survived a clinical analysis was administered to 528 subjects and then factor analyzed. It focuses on life-span development. Due to this fact, the study reports on the development and initial validation of an instrument, the Inventory of psychosocial balance (IPB). It was designed to measure all eight stages, with a primary focus on its implementation to adult subjects. The method is composed of a scale development, subjects and a factor analysis. The analysis of Ericson`s eight stages resulted in an initial pool of 346 items, written to reflect both positive and negative aspects of the eight stages. Each item was five-point Likert response format ranging from strongly agree (1) to strongly disagree (5). In addition the pool was administered to 528 subjects. The sample was quite heterogeneous. The respondent had to rate 0%-100% scale, how successfully they had met each of 19 life challe nges for example productive person, trusting other people or loving someone etc. The 528 IPB protocols were submitted to a factor analysis using a principal component and a correlational analysis with self-ratings of life challenges. The factor analysis eight meaningful factors corresponding to the eight stage: trust, autonomy, initiative, industry, identity, intimacy, generativity and ego integrity. The total variance accounted for by the eight factors is 72,34 %, with the trust factor having the largest percentage of variance (17,46%) and the Ego Integrity factor having the smallest (5,47%). The evidence presented suggests that the IPB is an psychometrically reliable and valid instrument to analyze life-span to approach personality development. The IPB shows adaptive range of subjects , from college age adolescents to elderly and its reliability and validity appear satisfactory. The IPB represents a vertical translation of Erikson`s psychosocial stages. 2. Article: Psychology Development and Friendship Functions in Adolescence Source: Sex Roles, Vol. 25 Summary: The articles is about the relationship between friendship variables and adolescent psychosocial development, in particular identity and psychosocial intimacy as focused by Erikson. This research includes sex differences. Erikson rather did not explicitly postulate differentepigenetic charts for males and females, nor did he suggest different processes for males and females in terms of movement through the experiences of crisis and commitment at each stage of development. The aim of the present research was to investigate different styles of identity and intimacy development through examination (a) of whether the sexes differed in their relative proportions across these different styles, and (b) whether specific friendship beliefs and characteristics were associated with the different styles. The styles were defined by establishing four groups based on high and low scoring on the identity and intimacy measures used. In fact, friendship patterns are likely to be relevant to both identity and intimacy formation, although their meanings and importance may well vary for males and females. One hypothesis tested in the present study, therefore, was that females and ma les would be unequally distributed across developmental style, with relatively more males choosing the High Identity road tomaturity and relatively more females the High Intimacy style. In contrast to this hypothesis the research shows that there were no differences between the sexes in their choice of developmental style. But those in the high-identity-high-intimacy and the high-identity-low-intimacy groups were more satisfied with their friendships, which appeared affectively richer. In addition the friendship during adolescence and youthhas an unique and important influence in the life of the individual. The research appears that there are differences between same- and opposite-sex friendships. Sex differences showed that while friendship variables were more strongly chained with development for boys, girls viewed their relationships as closer and imputed more importance to this closeness. The method is composed of a sample of secondary school students and college students. Subje cts were drawn from two secondary schools and two colleges, each ofthese institutions serving students from middle to lower middle class areas. The attendant were asked friendship questions, which were divided in four sections: Section ADemographic variables; Section BIntimacy and Identity scales; Section CGeneral friendship information; Section D-Specific best friend information. The total questionnaire took about 30 minutes to complete. For example in section B, the identity and intimacy measures administered were subscales of the Erikson Psychosocial Stage Inventory. The EPSI is a self-report inventory that measures resolution of the conflicts associated with the first six of Eriksons psychosocial stages. Items are rated on a 5-point scale ranging from almost always true to hardly ever true. In order to investigate the relationships between two sets of friendship factors (General factors and Specific Close Friendship (Same Sex)) and other variables of concern, factor scores on eachfactor were computed, using the regression method. In conclusion friendship and romantic relationships developed with psychosocial maturity, independently (as far as can be judged by this research), but not as alternatives. 3. Article: Generativity Versus Stagnation: An Elaboration of Eriksons Adult Stage of Human Development Source: Journal of Adult Development, Vol. 10, No. 1, January 2003 Summary: This research focuses on the adult stage of generativity vs. stagnation by Erikson`s psychosocial development. The research offers new concepts which are associated to Eriksons theory of development in the form of 7 psychosocial conflicts. The stage of generativity versus stagnation represents the major conflict of adulthood. The research starts with an Eriksonian viewpoint, and then, makes changes to argue for a competing conception, which could be understood within Eriksons original proposal and placed within the developmental chart. The research appears a tentative explanation of how each major stage of development takes form during adulthood and it also shows an impression of how these conflicts fill out Eriksons theory. 7 psychosocial conflicts are analyzed: inclusivity vs. exclusivity, pride vs. embarrassment, responsibility vs. ambivalence, career productivity vs. inadequacy, parenthood vs. self-absorption, being needed vs. alienation, and honesty vs. denial. Each conflict is connected to one of Eriksons other stages of development. The analyze try to enlarge Ericson`s 7 conflicts. In conclusion the conflicts could be defined empirically and validated by connecting them with other measures of ego development and generativity. The conflicts and crises of adulthood could be made more clear and at the same time more complex by using the humanities to draw out and illustrate the ramifications of each conflict. There is also a need to connect these ideas with history and broader societal issues. 4. Article: Development and Validation of a Measure of Eriksonian Industry Source: Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1991, Col. 60, No. 3, 390-397 Summary: This study place emphasis on the fourth stage of Erikson`s psychosocial development: industry-inferiority. Operationalization of the industry construct was begun by describing it as consisting of three components: skills and knowledge, their application, and affective experience of their acquisition and application in useful directions. These components span the cognitive (Component 1: skills and knowledge), behavioral (Component 2: Application of Skills and Knowledge) and affective domains (Component 3: Attitudes Toward and Experience of the Acquisition and Application of Skills and Knowledge). The process of demonstrating predictive validity for the current measure, a step on the way to establishing construct validity for the concept of industry, consisted of several procedures. The first involved determining the conceptual validity of the current definition of industry by correlating each componentscore both with each other and with the overall mean industry score. Second, childrens own industry scores were correlated with those provided by two categories of observers, teachers and parents. Third, seven variables were selected in order to assess the predictive validity of the new industry measure. Three of these were behavioral and four were based on test responses. The first behavioral measure for example involved observation of classroom behavior, that is, on-task versus off-task performance. Four other variables were formed by items embedded in the Childrens Industry questionnaire (CIQ) and were based on Eriksons theoretical descriptions of correlates to a sense of ind ustry. The final subject pool of this research consisted of 187 pupils from eight classrooms in three public elementary schools. There were 101 boys (54%) and 86 girls (46%). The age range was 8.6-12.8 years. The CIQ as a measure consisted of 47 items assessing the three components of the industry construct and 22 items measuring the expected correlates of industry. Three response modes were used with the CIQ. The most prevalent form (54 items) was the structured alternative format developed by Harter (1982). The child is asked first to decide which kind of child he or she is most like by choosing the child described on the left or right. Once the choice is made, the child is required to decide the extent to which the description is true for him or her on a scale ranging from 1 to 4that is, sort of true or really true, and so fortha score of 1 indicating the lower levels of the industry construct. The second response mode on the CIQ was multiple choice. The third CIQ response mode was open-ended questions. In addition there were used a Teacher Industry questionnaire (TIQ) and a Parent Industry questionnaire (PIQ). In conclusion current findings are generally supportive of the present definition of industry and this measure of it. Significant agreement between different categories of observers, making observations in a number of different ways, and the industry measure was consistently obtained. Results of the present study provide a solid beginning to the process of validating the construct of industry. 5. Article: Psychosocial development in the elderly: An investigation into Eriksons ninth stage Author: Cynthia Brown, Michael J. Lowis Department of Psychology, University College Northampton, Park Campus, Northampton, England. Source: Journal of Aging Studies 17 (2003) 415-426 Summary: In their article Psychosocial development in the elderly: An investigation into Eriksons ninth stage the authors Brown and Lowis want to figure out the exist of a ninth stage regarding to Joan Eriksons suggestion. Because of an increasing number of old people especially in developed countries like Germany or Japan it is necessary to do a research about this. In the end an older society provide new demands, reevaluations and daily difficulties. Even Erik Erikson saw personality as a lifelong developmental process but his theory ends with the eight stage ego integrity versus despair at the age of 65. For their research the authors used a self-report survey with individuals either completing questionnaires themselves or being assisted to do so through closed question interviews. The responses were suitable for coding and subsequent quantitative analysis. Additional qualitative data were obtained through open questions. As a result they found out that the Stage 9 scores for participants aged in their 80s/90s are significantly higher than for those aged in their 60s, but there is no significant difference between Stage 8 scores for the two age groups. But these findings can only be generalized to a wider population when they are confirmed by additional research: the present participants did embrace a range of ages, locations, and living arrangements, but comprised females only, and numbered just 70 individuals in total. Nevertheless the authors produced an instrument that has reliably measured a variable that reaches its ascendancy at an age beyond that normally ascribed to the developmental stage of ego integrity versus despair. And if confirmed, the existence of a Stage 9 would suggest that human beings remain in a situation of potential psychological growth throughout their life span. 6. Article: Eriksons Theory of Psychosocial Development and Career Development Author: Patrick H. Munley, Veterans Administration Hospital, Lyons, New, Jersey Source: Journal of Vocational Behavior 10, 261-269 (1977) Summary: In this article the author figures out some of the contributions of Erik Eriksons theory of the eight stages of development in providing a developmental perspective on career behavior. First he describes Eriksons Theory of the eight life stages. In his opinion the development of basic senses of initiative, industry, identity, generativity, and integrity all seem to be especially relevant to career development behavior. The theory offers a framework for integrating career development with overall human development. Furthermore Eriksons theory recognizes the role of social and cultural factors in relationship to life cycle development and provides a theoretical framework for integrating research findings on the sociology of career behavior which was already shown by several researches. A third contribution of Eriksons theory is that of the identity crisis and ego identity. Making a vocational choice or commitment is often the first important decision marking the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Thats the reason why one of the major tasks through which identity concerns are expressed in adolescence is the process of making a vocational choice. For example A person who is undecided in terms of career may not just be undecided about a vocation. He may be in the midst of an overall identity crisis. On the other side a person who has a sense of ego identity is probably more able to make appropriate vocational decisions and choices. At the end the author concluded that from both a theoretical and empirical point of view, Eriksons theory seems to provide a promising perspective for viewing career development. He said that The theory offers a framework for integrating career development with overall human development and makes a contribution toward offering a perspective for integrating social factors and personality development with career development. 7. Article: The Recovery Process Utilizing Eriksons Stages of Human Development Author: Suzanne E. Vogel-Scibilia, Kathryn Cohan McNulty, Beth Baxter, Steve Miller, Max Dine, Frederick J. Frese III Source: Community Ment Health J (2009) 45:405-414 Summary: The authors offer a psycho-developmental model that parallels Erik Eriksons theory of human development, and theorize that the process of psychiatric recovery involves a psychic reworking of these fundamental steps. They integrated all the following fundamental components of recovery which were identified by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (2005) into this developmental model: self-direction, individualized and person-centered, empowerment, holistic, non-linear, strength-based, peer-support, respect, responsibility and hope. In the eyes of the authors this builds an understandable, practical framework that allows transformation of traditional programs and therapeutic contacts into recovery-oriented services. The authors propose eight opportunities to resolve conflict in the service of personal growth and development, which parallels Eriksons eight stages. The eight stages are: Trust versus Doubt, Hope versus Shame, Empowerment versus Guilt, Action versus Ina ction, New self versus Sick self, Intimacy versus Isolation, Purpose versus Passivity Generativity and Integrity versus Despair. Based on these eight stages and on Eriksons stages of development they explain and compare the different recovery stages regarding to the recovery process of people. 8. Article: Identity Status Theory and Eriksons Theory: Communalities and Differences Author: Alan S. Waierman, Trenton State College Source: Developmental Review 8, 185-208 (1988) Summary: In this article the author outline the critique of Cà ´tà © and Levine on the identity status theory developed by James Marcia and he compares the theory with Eriksons theory of the eight stages of development. Marcias theory provides four statements: Identity Diffusion (the status in which the adolescent doesnt have a sense of having choices), Identity Foreclosure (the status in which the adolescent seems willing to commit to some relevant roles, values, or goals for the future), Identity Moratorium (the status in which the adolescent is currently in a crisis, exploring various commitments and is ready to make choices) and Identity Achievement (the status in which adolescent has gone through a identity crisis and has made a commitment to a sense of identity) , which differ in some important respects from that used by Erikson. The author says that there is basic agreement regarding the construct of identity itself. Erikson, Marcia and other authors using the identity status paradigm are all grasping for the same phenomenon. Furthermore they are the same opinion regarding to the domains in an individuals life that provide the context within which a persons sense of identity is formed. These include vocational choice, religious beliefs, political ideology, sex-role attitudes, and spousal and parenting roles. These are only two communalities of seven which the author claims. But there are also differences between these two theories. First he says that There is a wide divergence between Erikson and the identity status theorists using the identity status paradigm, regarding the viability and utility of the psychoanalytic framework within which the construct of ego identity was originally developed. The next difference is that the identity status paradigm explicitly addresses the more conscious aspects of the task of identity formation which is related to the rejection of psychoanalytic theory by man y identity status theorists and researchers and in contrast to Erikson. There are five more differences which the author figures out in his article. And the end of his article he gives a forecast on identity research. 9. Article : Personality Theories Erik Erikson Author : Dr.C George Boeree From Shippensburg University Source : Original E-Text-Site: [ http://www.ship.edu/%7Ecgboeree/perscontents.html ] Summary : Oglala Lagota, Among the Oglala Lagota, it was traditional for an young teenage or adolescent to go off on his own. Everybody got a dream, you got a dream and I got a dreams. In some case, the dream would lead us into the realm of controlled deviations among the everybody. Eight states start from infancy on the oral sensory state, the second is the anal muscular stage, third state is genital-locomotor stage or play age, fourth state is the latency stage or school age child from 6-12, five state is adolescence. Its beginning with puverty and ending around 18 for 20 years old, six I dont know what stage name, writer not giving it. Which lasts from about 18 to about 30. The ages in the adult stage are mush fuzzier than in the childhood stages. And people may differ dramatically. 7 stage is that of middle adulthood. The middle life crisis, if you success at this stage, you will have a capacity for carring that serve you through the rest of your life. Reffered to delicalely as late adulth ood or maturity, or less delicately as old ages of last stage, begins sometimes around you retirement after the kids have gone say somewhere around 60. Its the stage just see the good thing and bad. 10. Article : Using Erikson to Work More Effectively with Teenage Parents Author : Lorraine DeJong Source : www.naeyc.org/resources/journal. Summary : According to the article, its talk about the using Ericksons theory to tech young mothers. If we see in article, well know more of quantity of teenager parent in U.S.A. Its very big problem because of the rate of pregnancy in teenagers become higher and it will be a social problem. But how Ericksons theory concern with this article? The writer gives the idea that it can help teacher understand teenager parent emotion and the need of them. The writer selects the stage 1 to 5 because it concern about teenager ages. Stage1 is talk about infancy. If the teenager lacking a trust in the world, it will effect to her baby, she will reject advice of teacher. Stage2-Toddlerhood, if young mother grow without responsibility, she may reprove about her difficulties. May be she wont take care of her child. Stage3-Preschoolyears, without the positive guide line in this stage, an adolescent may luck in basic sense of inquisitiveness, ambition, and empathy, she may not interest in her child. Stage4-School-ageyears, if teenager fails in success in this stage, she may feels incompetent and inferior. And the last-Adolescence, everything depend on the past if they didnt get trust, autonomy, initiative, and industry, they may show behavior that hazard for positive identity development. After the effect of Ericksons theory of teenager parent, a writer gives the suggestion for developing trust; autonomy, initiative, and industry such as find the way to indentify teenager, train teenagers show and manger responsibility, and etc. If adolescence mother have a good personality development technique, she will care about her responsibility to take care her child. Its very important to consider because every stage have a meaning in term of them, if it lack or gone, it will affect to feeling of the mothers and the problem will on children. 11.Article : Trust, Identity, and Ego Integrity: Modeling Eriksons Core Stages Over 34 Years. Author : Joel R. Sneed, Susan Krauss Whitbourne, Michelle E. Culang Source : Summary For this article, Writers study in Erikson development stages in term of core stage that consist of stage1, stage5, and stage8. Stage1-Trust that study in term of continuity and wholeness in the self and in another. Stage5-identity that study in the self and social. And the last is Ego integrity that study about exceeds of individual lifecycle. They take a hypothesis to examine the last investigations on the RALS that results are as follow: Stage1 is stable from ages 20 to 42, increasing in stage5 for ages 20 to 31 but stable in ages 31 to 42 and the last stage8 decreases in ages 31 to 42. After they use multilevel modeling testing, writers found the difference development trajectories across child and middle adulthood in each core stage. The first stage, writers predict endure stable over adult but after testing, the value increases in trust over a 34-year period. And next is stage5 follow Erikson set the time of the Identity ages 20 to beyond, but the present test show that substantial not occur until the late of ages 20 and early ages 30. And the last is stage8 that it value is decreasing. But in fact it will increase that affect from environment on personality. 12.Article : Eccles Development of Children Ages 6-14. Author : Jacquelynne S. Eccles Source : The Future of Children WHEN SCHOOL IS OUT Vol. 9 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ No. 2 Fall 1999 Summary : This article summarized stage 4 of Ericson, the major developmental change that take place from 6-14 years old. Both article provide an overview of the kind of biological, psychological, and social changes that characterize the years between 6 to 14 for article from Eccles to facilities the our research. For children years in stage 4 is a critical period to knowing themselves. And during this time, children will grow to adults who have the power, have a freedom, feel free to participate in family. Physical insight will change the mental condition. A social role will change and pass quickly when they enter the school or doing activities with other outside the family. During mid-childhood,, they will begin to compare themselves with other, they expect success and failure, they might develop and transition to other challenges in many years. During early adolescence is they will confuse with physical and the social theat change from the start. They have a freedom and distance between the family. Meanwhile, the problem may occur. They may lose of confidence and have a negatives behavior such as abandonment of duty or resigned from the school. 13. Article : College-Educated Womens Personality Development in Adulthood: Perceptions and Age Differences Author : Alyssa N. Zucker et all Source : Journal of Adult Development, 8, p. 28. Summary : The researcher study the different between the perception of women in each age groups. Procedures and level of personality development in social change. And they recognize that confidence in each age range. The specific timing and different forms in adults and children. Research to look for reasons and what limits to reflect the development of personality in the beginning to the end of life. Characteristics of personality development in the next phase of maturity We use the information for the study of the College of Education to consider the possibility that adults are better developed. The development will be personality kick picture pros and cons are different. Women are more concerned than men. Concerns that arise are the future, career, financial, and family. Even maternity Developed differently in each generation. Women age 40-60. Will develop faster in women age 20. State conditions because of different concerns of people in each generation. A group of teenagers are relatively private world is much less likely to develop their own personality to fit the outside world. Development must have their own ways to develop the correct principles of personal. 14. Article : From Trust to Intimacy: A New Inventory for Examining Eriksons Stages of Psychosociai Development Author : Doreen A. Rosenthal, 1.4 Ross M. Gurney, 2 and Susan M. Moore 3 Source : Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 10, No. 6, 1981 Summary : Trust to intimacy is related to the six stages of Eriksons is the relationship of each stage the adolescent ,adulthood the adjustment of adolescents in terms of differences in race thought and attitude comparison of thought , maturity , moral and the decision of the human of each stage. The some information from researchers, other who have. Both the consistent and distinctive have a reasons for supporting the theory of them self. The attitude, ethics of each stage is different. The problem of behavior or personality of human and experienced is effect on the cause of the research or evidence that the theory is accepted six stage of Erikson 15. Article : The Learning Disabled Adolescent: Eriksonian Psychosocial Development, Self-Concept, and Delinquent Behavior Author : Daniel B. Pickar and Christopher D. Tori Source : Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 15, No. 5, 1986 Summary : This journal study about disabled adolescents on three variables: Eriksons stages of psychosocial development, self-concept, and delinquent behavior. It was predicted that learning disabled adolescents would show significantly less resolution of Eriksons fourth stage, industry versus inferiority The researchers focus on the affective and motivational and use Eriksons psychosocial theory to understanding the social and emotional difficulties of learning disable adolescence. The development of an adequate feeling of competence is the critical task of a sense development and the effective in interactions with the environment. The researcher use statistical standard of Two-way ANOVA concern with the EPSI data, The Piers-Harris Childrens Self-Concept Scale and Delinquency Checklist. To find to result of significant of gender effect between learning disable and non-learning disable groups. Measure the significant of group and gender interaction. The comparison group of the self-concept of learning disabled adolescents showed that these youngsters self-concept was not significantly different than nondisabled but learning disabilities are significantly related to juvenile delinquency. Hypothesized that learning disabled adolescents would demonstrate more negative self-concept and report more delinquent behavior than their nondisabled peers. The hypothesis that learning disabled adolescents would engage in more delinquent behavior than nondisabled adolescents was not supported. The self-report delinquency data indicated that learning disabled and nondisabled adolescents participated in the same kinds and amounts of delinquent behavior. The results of this study to provide more understanding of the psychosocial development of adolescence on different variables. 16. Article : The Course and Psychosocial Correlates of Personality Disorder Symptoms in Adolescence: Eriksons Developmental Theory Revisited Author : Thomas N. Crawford,1 Patricia Cohen,2 Jeffrey G. Johnson,3 Joel R. Sneed,4 and Judith S. Brook5 Source : Journal of Youth and Adolescence, Vol. 33, No. 5, October 2004, pp. 373-387 ( C _ 2004) Summary : Researchers focus on personality disorder in adolescents have been related with developmental patterns of behavior measured with dimensional symptom scales, personality disturbances are age-related trends in personality development. How it reflect to developmental processes in long-term risks for personality development. To understanding of how personality disorders impact on normal psychosocial development, this study used longitudinal data from a community sample to track declines in personality disorder symptoms from early adolescence to young adulthood. They used it to formulate hypotheses about how personality disorders would impact on the normative tasks of adolescence and young adulthood: (1) developing an internal sense of well-being through the consolidation of identity and (2) establishing intimacy in the form of lasting and committed romantic relationships. Although researchers now agree that identity formulation is a life-long process, adolescence and young adulthood provide the first real opportunity to develop a sense of continuity with the past, meaning in the present, and direction for the future. Identity consolidation thus emerges as the cornerstone of the capacity to do well and forms the basis of self-acceptance and self-esteem. Identity diffusion is known to share many characteristics with personality disorder symptoms according to a community-based sample of adolescents to determine whether age-related declines in Axis II symptoms are related with increases in well-being during adolescence and interpersonal intimacy during adulthood to focus on borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic symptoms (Cluster B symptoms). Two groups of sample were investigated to determine if age-related declines in Cluster B symptoms are associated with increases in well-being and interpersonal intimacy during adolescence and early adulthood. To the extent that personality disor

Girls Development During Adolescence: Diminishment of Self Essay

Large numbers of American girls face a crisis during adolescence. Numerous studies document the disturbing trends that affect girls during this vulnerable time. Girls' IQ scores drop. Their grades in math and science decline dramatically. The confidence, curiosity, and willingness to take risks that mark their childhood years are replaced by unassertiveness, boredom, and a cleaving to the status quo. Girls at this age become prone to eating disorders, self-mutilation, and depression. Even girls without obvious signs of distress undergo a curious diminishing, as if all the interests and energies of their childhood must now be channelled into maintaining a narrow and alien definition of self. What happens to girls as they grow up? What causes this diminishment of self? What transforms them from the happy, confident people they are in childhood to the self-critical, sullen, and frightened adolescents they become? Psychologist Mary Pipher, author of Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls talks about the "isms" that meet girls at the threshhold of adolescence--sexism, capitalism, and lookism. Who girls can be is no longer a wide-open playing field. They find themselves judged by how well they conform to a specific gender role. An enormous source of information about what it means to be female is the popular media. Music and music videos, movies, television, magazines, and commercials, many of them aimed at teenagers, all carry a loaded message--to be successful as a woman means adhering to a highly stylized script that defines for girls what womanhood is. Modern girls encounter an incredible contradiction in the messages they receive at this vulnerable time in their lives. On the one hand they ar... ...lem. We are buying into the mentality that fuels those images. Each of us must have the courage to examine our own unconscious pact with the scripts society hands us. We need to recognize the ways our power has been co-opted by the rewards we reap through compliance with the status quo. In what ways does our own diminishment hold us back? Can we move beyond that diminishment and reclaim our right to be whole? Can we step outside the gender boundaries we have internalized into a place where we finally exist as humans, first, and men and women second? It is through claiming our own integrity that we give girls permission to expand beyond the status quo. It is our choice. When enough of us have moved beyond the cultural icons that define for us what masculinity and femininity are, those icons will fall away. There won't be an audience left to sustain them.

Chikankari of Lucknow

Chikan is one of the prides of the city of Nawabs that is Luknow. Although chikankari is an ancient form of white floral embroidery it has become synonym of nazakat and nafasat of the tehzeeb of Lucknow . For centuries this fine white tracery on transparent white fabric has delighted the hearts of the kings and commoners alike. The profession has always been respected that it is one vocation that affluent families have taken up without any perceived loss of societal acceptance. It is a complex and elegant craft that has come down to us, evolving over the years into an aesthetic form of great beauty . Chikankary has been practiced in Lucknow for more than two hundred years but it did not originate here. It flourished in the Mughal courts in the seventeenth centuries. When the Mughal courts disintegrated the artisans scattered across the country. Some of them came and settled in Avadh. They brought their craft with them and paved the way for the artisans of Luknow. Some historians opinion that chikan is a Persian word `Chikin’ or `Chikeen’ kind of embroidered fabric. It is believed that the craft was brought to the Mughal court of Jahangir by his talented consort Nurjahan. There are however other opinions on the origin of Chikankari. According to one historian , there is evidence of embroidered muslin apparel depicted in the famous paintings of Ajanta caves dating back to the fifth century A. D. This could be early trace of the presence of chikan. As per another version chikan can be dated back to king Harsh who is said to have a great fondness for white embroidered muslin garments without any embellish it. Bana a contemporary of king Harsh refers to this skillfully embroidered white muslin. Megasthenes also mentions the use of flowered muslin by Indians. The history of chikankary is richly anecdotal. It is said that one of the wives of a Nawab belonged to Murshidabad in Bengal where chikankary was established and popular at that time. She once embroidered a cap for the Nawab with chikankary. The other begums also picked up this craft to please the Nawab. Thus this became a trend setter among the ladies . Another interesting story says that a once a traveler was passing through a village in Lucknow. He stopped and requested a poor peasant for water. Delighted at this hospitality of the peasant,the traveler taught him the art of Chikankari. The slight cultural variation has distinct impact upon chikankary. Thus there is a difference between the chikankari of Bengal and that of Lucknow. It is said that exceptionally good Lucknow chikankari could get in those days a worker enough money to feed his family for a year. The chikan workers of Bengal used muslin or mulmul for embroidery,very much liked in Greece and Rome . These delicate fabrics known as gossamer were so prized that the Romans romantically called it â€Å"textilli venti† or woven winds . Lucknow has also earned name and fame for producing some very fine muslin . Rosy Llewellyn Jones in her book, A Fatal Friendship has written, â€Å"During the seventeenth century the East India Company decided to send two employees to live in Lucknow and buy bales of ‘dereabauds’ a kind of muslin which was made in Hassanganj area of Lucknow on the northern bank of the Gomti. † Later this muslin became the base material for good chikankary. Addhi,Tanzeeb and Girant were the traditional chikan fabrics. Several Europeans prominent among whom being Madec and Gentil settled in the court of Nawab Shuja-ud-daulah in the middle of the 18th century and it seems possible that French white embroidery had some influence on chikan of Lucknow. Apart from the muslin,another kind of white cotton fabric was produced in lucknow & Faizabad in those days. This fabric was called Jamdani. It bore a unique blend of regular and irregular floral motifs. The only difference being that Jamdani is woven & chikan is pure embroidery. Chikankari was used primarily to embellish garments. Long flowing angarkhas, ,achkans, kurtas were for men. For ladies chikankari was used to adorn lehengas,odhnis,kurtas,veils etc. Chikancraft was not confined to dress alone and it soon became a part of domestic life. The Lucknowasis use chikan to grace their homes in the form of bedsheets, palanquin curtains and drapes. It’s also used in table covers,mats,napkins, tea-cozy covers. The chikan industry received a setback after the dissolution of the royal courts of Avadh. It lost its greatest patron with the deposition of Nawab Wajid Ali Shah. Soon it became a commercial activity & reduced to a domestic economic activity practiced largely by Muslim women. With the passage of time there has been a qualitative degeneration in chikan craft of lucknow in the fabric as well as stitches partly because of dearness and partly because of commercialization. Neverthless it is a way of life for its people and is very much woven into their culture which is distinctly called ‘Lucknowi’. Chikankari has a global presence. It is a great tribute to the skill and technique of the craftpersons of Lucknow. Sonakshi srivastava La Martiniere Girls College Lucknow